Other signs of CHF are visible, such as redistribution of pulmonary flow, interstitial edema and some pleural fluid. There is an increase in heart size compared to the old film. The heart size is considered too large when the CTR is > 50% on a PA chest x-ray.Ī CTR of > 50% has a sensitivity of 50% for CHF and a specificity of 75-80%.Īn increase in left ventricular volume of at least 66% is necessary before it is noticeable on a chest x-ray. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is the ratio of the transverse diameter of the heart to the internal diameter of the chest at its widest point just above the dome of the diaphragm as measured on a PA chest film.Īn increased cardiac silhouette is almost always the result of cardiomegaly, but occasionally it is due to pericardial effusion or even fat deposition. The following signs indicate heart failure: alveolar edema with perihilar consolidations and air bronchograms (yellow arrows) pleural fluid (blue arrow) prominent azygos vein and increased width of the vascular pedicle (red arrow) and an enlarged cardiac silhouette (arrow heads).Īfter treatment we can still see an enlarged cardiac silhouette, pleural fluid and redistribution of the pulmonary blood flow, but the edema has resolved. On the left a patient who was admitted with severe dyspnoe due to acute heart failure. fluid leakage into the less severe diseased areas of the lung Gravity: supine or erect position and right or left decubitus position The distribution of the alveolar edema can be influenced by:

This eventually leads to fluid leakage in the alveoli (alveolar edema) and to leakage into the pleural space (pleural effusion). This stage is characterized by continued fluid leakage into the interstitium, which cannot be compensated by lymphatic drainage. TI-RADS - Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System.Esophagus II: Strictures, Acute syndromes, Neoplasms and Vascular impressions.Esophagus I: anatomy, rings, inflammation.Vascular Anomalies of Aorta, Pulmonary and Systemic vessels.Contrast-enhanced MRA of peripheral vessels.Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System.Bi-RADS for Mammography and Ultrasound 2013.Transvaginal Ultrasound for Non-Gynaecological Conditions.Acute Abdomen in Gynaecology - Ultrasound.

Appendicitis - Pitfalls in US and CT diagnosis.

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